19th century

October 1: A workhouse is opened as a municipal institution at the Bachgasse exit to care for, educate and regulate the poor and dispossessed.

November 9: The composer and violinist Carl Stamitz dies in Jena, where he had lived since 1794 and played in the Academic Concerts.

Franz Ludwig Albrecht von Hendrich is entrusted with the post of city commander (commander of the Jena garrison). As a member of the Jena police commission, he exerts great influence on the city administration as a representative of the Weimar government until his dismissal from office in 1813.

March: Goethe meets Sylvie von Ziegesar at her family castle Drackendorf - a favorite place for socializing in Jena since around 1800. Traits of Sylvie and the atmosphere of the Drackendorf castle park are incorporated into Goethe's novel "Elective Affinities", published in 1809.

Karl Ludwig von Knebel, writer, prince educator and military man, settles permanently in Jena. His house, where Goethe frequently frequents, is one of the intellectual centers of the city.

February: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel takes up an extraordinary professorship in Jena. His epoch-making work "Phenomenology of the Spirit" is written here.

The French emigrant Gabriel Henry, who has been working in Jena since 1795 , arranges with Napoleon to endow a Catholic parish in the city. In 1811, the town council gives the parish the dilapidated St. John's Church, which is rebuilt. Henry, who is entrusted with the parish, is forced to leave Jena in 1815 due to anti-French sentiment and the seat of the Catholic parish is moved to Weimar.

October 7: Napoleon visits Jena with the Russian Tsar Alexander I and participants of the Erfurt Congress of Princes. On the Windknollen, he explains the course of the battle of 1806 to the Tsar and promises financial compensation to a deputation from Jena.

Autumn: Heinrich Luden (associate professor in Jena since 1806, full professor in 1810, died in 1847) announces the first courses on "patriotic history", which subsequently enjoy enormous popularity. Under Luden, the subject of history experiences a significant upswing.

February 1: In the context of rising nationalist sentiment in the fight against Napoleon, the Winzerla male choir is founded as one of the oldest German choirs in existence

July 16: The Weimar government issues a new town charter for Jena, replacing the one in force since 1540. It abolishes the corporative powers of the city council and separates the administrative and legislative powers by restructuring the city council. The city council's jurisdictional rights are transferred to ducal judicial bodies. The possibility of electing deputies in the city districts makes it necessary to register all Jena citizens and their legal status. The first Jena address book is compiled. At this time, around 3,700 people live in 745 consecutively numbered houses - this form of house numbering remains in place until the mid-1880s.

Autumn: The self-taught chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner is appointed associate professor of chemistry and technology at the University of Jena.

September 3: The first observations are made at the observatory built underthe supervision of Goethe at the instigation of Duke Carl August on the site of Schiller's former garden house.

November 22: Saxony-Weimar withdraws from the Confederation of the Rhine. Numerous Jena students, teachers and citizens respond tothe call to form volunteer organizations to fight against Napoleon .

12 June: 143 Jena students found the "Jenaische Burschenschaft" (later referred to as the "Urburschenschaft") in the "Grüne Tanne" in Wenigenjena, which aims to exemplify a "united nation" as a student organization. A two-tone black and red flag (corresponding to the colors of the two most important disbanded Jena fraternities), decorated with gold from 1816, is confirmed as the external symbol.

September 20: The Jenaer Haupt-Frauenverein emerges from an association of women to support poorer sections of the population.

December: Various government commissions responsible for the university are brought together under the name "Supervision of the direct institutions for science and art in Weimar and Jena" and placed underGoethe'sdirection as an immediate authority.

The construction of the "Timler's House" on the east side of Eichplatz, designed in classical style, is completed.

The "Literary Museum Jena" is founded as a reading society for the joint purchase of books and subscriptions to journals and newspapers. It later merges into the Reading Hall Association.

January 19: On the occasion of the student peace festival, fraternity members plant a "free oak tree" on the square between Johannisstrasse and Leutragasse, which was created by fire in 1806 and subsequently becomes known as "Eichplatz".

May 6: The Saxon-Weimar Basic Law is passed. Due to the freedom of the press it grants, national, constitutional and liberal opposition papers can be published in Jena. Among the most important are "Nemesis" (Heinrich Luden) and "Isis" (Lorenz Oken).

Autumn : Theobald Renneris appointed associate professor of veterinary medicine in Jena and begins lecturing. He takes over the management of the veterinary school for the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach on Heinrichsberg, which opens at the beginning of 1817.

January 1: The Joint High Court of Appeal, founded by the Ernestine states with the inclusion of the Prussian states and based in Jena, begins its work as the highest court of appeal.

October 18/19: On the initiative of the Jena fraternity, around 500 representatives from 13 German universities celebrate a general fraternity festival at Wartburg Castle near Eisenach. National, liberal and democratic demands are formulated, while at the same time the gathering is characterized by Francophobic and anti-Jewish sentiments. In the wake of the festival, the first German party program is created in Jena with the "Principles and Resolutions of October 18".

October 31: "father of gymnastics" Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, an important source of ideas for the fraternity movement, receives an honorary doctorate from the University of Jena for his patriotic work and linguistic research.

Beginning of the year: The lyricist and philologist Jan Kollar, who is important for the development of Slavic languages and Slavic national consciousness, holds a sermon in Lobeda while studying theology in Jena. The love affair that develops from an encounter with the Lobeda pastor's daughter, Friederike Wilhelmine Schmidt, is of great significance for Kollar's lyrical work.

July 14: Goethe's proposal to demolish the Löbdertor gate initiates the dismantling of the late medieval city walls.

October 10-19: Around 40 delegates meet in Jena for the "Burschenbundestag". The intended goal of founding a national German student organization ("Allgemeine Deutsche Burschenschaft") is only partially achieved.

March 23: Jena theology student and fraternity member Karl Ludwig Sand murders the writer and Russian embassy councillor August von Kotzebue in Mannheim because of his opposition to liberalism and the national movement.

September 20: The "Carlsbad Resolutions" issued in the wake of Sand's deed lead to the banning of the fraternity and the restriction of freedom of the press. Disciplinary proceedings are initiated against "political professors" who, as mentors of the fraternity, had campaigned for national and liberal goals: the physician and natural philosopher Loren Oken (in Jena since 1807) is dismissed, the philosopher Jacob Friedrich Fries (since 1801 and 1816 respectively) is suspended, the physician Dietrich Georg Kieser (since 1812) and the historian Heinrich Luden are reprimanded.

January: As a result of the Karlbad resolutions, the university is placed under the supervision of a state official (curator).

October 17: Eduard Weimar asks for permission to start production in the worsted yarn spinning mill he founded on Camsdorfer Ufer. The spinning mill later employs up to 130 workers and ceases production in 1890.

Philosophy professor Jakob Friedrich Fries, who had been dismissed for his participation in the Wartburg Festival, is able to resume his teaching activities as Professor of Mathematics and Physics. Fries is one of the symbolic figures of the liberal-national awakening at the beginning of the 19th century, but is also one of the pioneers of modern anti-Semitism.

6 November: The university's first full-time librarian, Georg Gottlieb Güldenapfel, officially announces the completion of the reorganization of the university library, which was begun in 1817 with Goethe's significant involvement and essentially consists of the unification of the previously independent university book collections into a functional whole.

The dilapidated inspector's house in the Botanical Garden - one of Goethe'sfavorite places to stay in Jena - is rebuilt according to plans by Goethe and the court architect Clemens Wenzeslaus Coudray.

September: Heinrich Adam Gräfe takes over as principal of the town school ("Bürgerschule"), a post he holds until 1842. In cooperation with the deputy principal Eduard Höpfner, a fundamental standardization and further expansion of the elementary school system is achieved.

January 1: A new town charter comes into force. It further restricts municipal self-government in favor of state supervision; the mayor, as the elected head of the town, is replaced by a state-appointed "Stadtschultheiß".

May 2: Friedrich Gottlob Schulze, professor of cameral and political science, opens a private agricultural institute associated with the university, based in the Griesbach House.

July: The church historian Karl August (von) Hase begins teaching as an associate professor in Jena. He has a decisive influence on liberal Jena theology until his death in 1890.

September: There are riots among the citizens, which are mainly directed against grievances in the city administration. The government in Weimar moves the military to Jena.

November: Friedrich Gottlob Schulze founds the Agricultural Association of Zwätzen and thus gives important impetus to agricultural associations in Germany.

June 5: A savings bank association is formed, which opens a savings bank in the Kämmereistube of the town hall. The foundation savings bank exists until 1947.

August 22: The first "Singing Festival for Friends of Singing in the Saale Valley" takes place in Jena with around 6,000 participants.

The Maurer art and trade nursery (location: Fischergasse) is founded. It develops into one of the largest berry fruit specialist businesses in Germany.

October 27: The composer and piano virtuoso Franz Liszt is awarded honorary citizenship after giving his first concert in Jena. The "Lißt Foundation", which emerges from this benefit concert, enables the Main Women's Association to set up an infant care facility in 1843. In the years that followed,Liszt gave the city's musical life several powerful impulses.

The demolition of the Saaltor gate marks the end of the town's fortification.

December 9: The educationalist Karl Volkmar Stoy, who has been working in Jena since 1842 , founds a pedagogical seminar at the university, which he combines with a training school for the practical training of student teachers. At the same time, he takes over Ernst August Heinrich Heimburg 's private educational institute for boys . An average of 50 to 80 pupils from all parts of Germany and abroad are taught at this institution with boarding school on Löbdergraben.

March: In the wake of the revolutionary events in France, the first demonstrations take place. "March demands" (freedom of assembly, speech and the press; convening of a national assembly; general arming of the people; independent, public judiciary with trial by jury) are formulated at citizens' meetings and sent to the government and parliament in Weimar.

April/May: In connection with the elections to the Frankfurt National Assembly (the lawyer Gottlieb Christian Schüleris elected as a representative of the left-wing Democratsfor Jena ), the broadest sections of the population become politicized, which is reflected in a wide-ranging press, association and party system (Constitutionalists, Democrats, Republicans).

June 16-20: At the 2nd Wartburg Meeting initiated by Jena students, around 1,200 German students discuss a reform of university studies.

July 31: The second Thuringian Democratic Congress held in Jena documents the outstanding position of the Jena Democrats in the overall structure of the radical democratic movement in Thuringia.

September 21-23: A meeting of university teachers initiated by a Jena academic reform association discusses liberal and democratic reforms at the universities.

October: Military intervention by the central authorities puts an end to the revolution in Jena as a broad mass movement. The republican forces are subjected to reprisals, but otherwise the state's repressive measures are limited.

February 22: The new municipal code of the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach initiates the development of modern municipal self-government. It provides for the election of a twenty-four-member municipal council as the town parliament as well as the municipal council (first and second mayor) by all citizens of the town with civil rights. However, state authorities are given extensive supervisory rights.

March 6: For the first time since the Middle Ages, the "Law on the Legal Status of Jews" allows Jews to settle in the city and freely exercise their professions and trades.

Jena professors and citizens found the "Jenaische Centralcomité zur Erbauung einer Thüringer Saalbahn".

Gustav Droysen is appointed to the Chair of History, which he holds until 1859. His controversial methodological work "Grundriss der Historik" is published in Jena.

April 1: Moritz Seebeck takes up the post of curator of the university, which he holds until 1877. Important new appointments are made during this time (including: Johann Gustav Droysen, Ernst Haeckel, Kuno Fischer and Rudolf Eucken).

June 7: An advertisement by Carl Schenk for the opening of a "studio for unalterable photographs on paper" can be regarded as the earliest evidence of the establishment of the photographic trade in Jena.

August 21: The hike to the Großer Inselsberg undertaken by the pupils of the Stoy'sche Übungsschule goes down in German school history as the first "hiking day".

January 14: Under the direction of Friedrich Gottlob Schulze, the Carl-Friedrich-Ackerbauschule emerges from an existing work school in Zwätzen , where the sons of farmers receive two years of theoretical and practical training. The institution is generously supported bythe Grand Duchess Maria Paulowna of Weimar .

August 15-17: The university and city celebrate the 300th anniversary of the university with around 10,000 guests. A monument to the university founder Johann Friedrich - a work by the sculptor Friedrich Drake - is unveiled on the market square . The new university library - a building in the style of the Upper Italian early Renaissance (architect: Carl Heinrich Ferdinand Streichhan) - is completed. Professors Schaeffer, Göttling and Vogel von Frommannshausen initiate a memorial plaque project for deserving members of the University at their places of residence and work.

October: Bernhard Sigmund Schultze(-Jena) is appointed director of the maternity hospital in Jena.

October 7: The "Verschönerungsverein zu Jena" (Jena Beautification Association), which aims to develop Jena's surroundings by creating and maintaining paths (including the Kernberg-Horizontale), is founded.

Beginning of the year: (without an exact founding date) the "Fuchsturm-Gesellschaft" is formed. As leaseholder of the Fuchsturm and the grounds surrounding it, it continuesthe efforts begunaround 1840 under Karl Wilhelm von Knebel to preserve the medieval building and open up its surroundings by building paths.

Autumn: The national economist Bruno Hildebrand, who is appointed professor in Jena, establishes scientific statistics in Thuringia with the establishment of the "Statistical Office of the United Thuringian States" (1864) and a statistical seminar at the university (1866). One of his achievements is the connection of Jena to the railroad network.

The post office moves into a new post office on Löbdergraben.

June 3: Ernst Haeckel is appointed associate professor at the Faculty of Medicine in Jena. 1865: He is appointed full professor of zoology at the Faculty of Philosophy. The zoologist and philosopher contributes to the spread of Darwin's teachings with his popular writings. His ideas on the "artificial breeding" of humans also make him a pioneer of eugenics and racial hygiene.

October 18: The gas station at the northern exit of Zwätzengasse, built onthe initiative of Mayor Emil Schenk with municipal funds, begins operation. This marks the widespread introduction of gas lighting in the city.

The "Germanic Museum" opens in Jena City Palace as the first prehistoric museum in Germany, mainly exhibiting finds from excavations by archaeology professor Friedrich Klopfleisch.

February 10: The "Akademischer Turnverein" and the "Bürgerlicher Turnverein", both founded in 1853, unite to form the "Turnverein Jena 1859" and join the Deutsche Turnerschaft (German Gymnastics Association)

July: Due to protests from the citizens, the city council drops a resolution from 1855 to complete the demolition of St. John's Gate, which was initiated in the 18th century.

The pub "Zur Noll" (initially: "Nollendorfer Schankwirtschaft") opens in a 16th century Renaissance building in Oberlauengasse.

February 22: A group of around 60 people form a "volunteer fire department". From then on, this forms the core of the newly organized municipal fire department.

Horst Keferstein takes over the Stoy educational institution. 1869 He establishes an advanced training school for young merchants and at the same time takes over a private girls' school.

Construction of the Fuchsturmhaus is completed.

March 3: The Alto Rhapsody by Johannes Brahms is premiered by the Akademischer Gesangverein and alto Pauline Viardot-García under the direction of Ernst Naumann.

Autumn : Berthold Delbrück, founder of the comparative and historical syntax of Indo-European languages, accepts an appointment at the university.

The von Tümpling family acquires the Thalstein estate between Wenigenjena and Kunitz.

The so-called Leutrafege - the flowing of the dammed Leutra through the town's alleyways for the purpose of cleaning the town, using the natural gradient of the town - is used for the last time.

May 1: The Saalfeld-Großheringen section of the Saalbahn is opened and the Saalbahnhof is opened to visitors.

May 15: Ernst Abbe, whose research has put the manufacture of microscopes on a scientific footing ("Abbe sine theorem"), joinsCarl Zeiss as a silent partner.

June 18: The forest tower in the Jena forest is dedicated as a memorial in honor of the Jena battalion of the 5th Thuringian Infantry Regiment No. 94 who died in the Franco-Prussian War.

Summer: The philosopher Rudolf Eucken begins teaching in Jena. Alongside Haeckel, the founder of New Idealism is one of the Jena university lecturers with the strongest national and international influence.

July 29: The Weimar-Geraer Railway and the Weimar-Geraer Railway Station (Westbahnhof since 1924) are opened.

October 7: With the founding of a grammar school, which from 1880 bearsthe name of Grand Duke Carl Alexander (Carolo-Alexandrinum), Jena has its first university preparatory school. The foundation savings bank provides considerable funds for the construction of the grammar school on Teichgraben.

The basis for Jena's modern drinking water supply is laid with the diversion of the Ammerbach spring via a pipeline to an elevated tank on today's Friedensberg.

January 1: Ernst Abbe takes over the management of the university's observatory on a part-time basis (until 1900); a new observatory building is constructed by 1889.

July: The logician, mathematician and philosopher Gottlob Frege receives an extraordinary professorship at the university. By developing a formal language and formal proofs, he lays the foundations for today's computer technology and computer science as well as for formal methods in linguistic semantics.

October 1: The "Joint Thuringian Higher Regional Court", which emerged from the former Higher Court of Appeal in Jena as a result of the reform of the German Reich's judiciary, commences its activities. In 1880, it moves into a prestigious new building in front of the Erfurterthor (today August-Bebel-Straße 4; architect: Carl Heinrich Ferdinand Streichhan).

At 10,326, the population exceeds the ten-thousand mark for the first time.

The innkeeper Carl Kämmer, known as a Jena original, takes over the "Weimarischer Hof" restaurant opened in 1810.

April: Johann Heinrich Stoy revives the educational institute founded by his father, Karl Volkmar Stoy. The institute moves into a new building complex on Am Steiger.

August 2: In memory of the founders of the Jena fraternity, the fraternity monument createdby Adolf Donndorfis erected on Eichplatz.

November 10: The 400th anniversary of Martin Luther'sbirth is celebrated with great fanfare, including the premiere of a Luther Festival written by Otto Devrient, which is intended to establish a lasting Luther Festival tradition in Jena.

The savings bank moves into a new building at Postgasse (Ludwig-Weimar-Gasse) 3.

Construction of the new slaughterhouse of the Jena Butchers' Guild on Löbdergraben is completed. It is criticized from the outset for its lack of capacity and hygiene, including the untreated discharge of waste water into the Mühllache.

January 1: Glass chemist Otto Schott, who has been working in Jena since 1882 , founds the "Schott & Genossen Glass Technology Laboratory" together with Ernst Abbe, Carl Zeiss and his son Roderich Zeiss.

Franz Glaser founds the pianoforte factory Franz Glaser & Co. in Wenigenjena. Under his successors, the medium-sized company achieves considerable production figures, particularly in the 1920s and early 1930s.

April 15: The engineer and entrepreneur Godhard Prüssing has the "Sächsisch-Thüringische Portland-Cement-Fabrik Prüssing & Co KG a. A." in Göschwitz entered in the commercial register. The company develops into one of the most important cement manufacturers in Central Germany.

June 6: The publisher Friedrich Johannes Frommann dies in Jena. Frommann-Verlag subsequently changes hands and moves its headquarters to Stuttgart.

24 August: Jena's first cooperative organization, the Konsumverein Jena, is formed. In 1889, it is transformed into the Jena Consumers' Cooperative.

May 19: Ernst Abbe signs the statutes of the Carl Zeiß Foundation. This creates a new corporate form following the death of the company founder Zeiss (1888). On the basis of the statute, around a quarter of the company's Until the First World War, around a quarter of the foundation's assets, increased by company profits, are used to support the university and charitable projects in the city.

June 12: The northern cemetery - laid outon the Koch hill by garden inspector Louis Maurersince 1886 - is inaugurated with the burial of the first grave. The new cemetery gradually replaces the historic Johannisfriedhof as the city's main burial ground.

December 3: Heinrich Singer is inaugurated as the new mayor of Jena (from 1893 officially with the title "Lord Mayor").

April 15: The first issue of the "Jenaer Volksblatt" is published. The paper, initiated by Ernst Abbe's circle and initially left-liberal, later national-liberal in orientation, is published and printed by Bernhard Vopelius from 1891 to 1941 .

November 23/24: A severe flood hits Jena and the surrounding area. The recently merged community of Wenigenjena/Camsdorf is particularly affected. Four people drown, the damage amounts to around 175,000 Reichsmark.

The "Institute for Children with Difficult Educational Needs", foundedin Jena in 1890 by the educationalist Johannes Trüper, is relocated to Sophienhöhe near Wenigenjena. Children with developmental disorders and disabilities from all over Germany and beyond are taught at the institution.

January: The new chemical institute/laboratory in Krautgasse is inaugurated. Ludwig Knorr, who has worked here as a full professor since 1889 and had previously made a name for himself with the development of the first synthetic drug, the pain and fever-reducing antipyrine (phenazone),plays a major role in the upswing of chemistry in Jena .

July 30/31: Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who was dismissed in 1890 , visits Jena at the invitation of the city and university. In a speech on the market square, he formulates - with reference to the battle of 1806 - his famous idea "no Sedan without Jena" and calls for the Reichstag to be strengthened against the authoritarian government of Kaiser Wilhelm II.

October 17: A new civic school building is inaugurated near the Paradies to relieve the now completely inadequate old school building "Hinter der Kirche" (later "Paradiesschule"). Further new school buildings follow at short intervals: West School (1904), North School (1908) and East School (April 13, 1912) as well as a new school building near Ziegenhain (later "Talschule") in 1916.

The playgrounds, sports fields and tennis courts in the Wöllnitz meadows are opened to the public.

The sandstone sculpture of the "Erlkönig", created (based on a wooden figure) by master stonemason Otto Späte, is erected at "Schloss Thalstein" between Wenigenjena and Kunitz.

August 30: The first soccer match is played in Jena between a Jena "Spielverein" and a team from Leipzig.

April 15: Karl Brauckmann founds the first special school of its kind in Germany, the "Lehr- und Erziehungsanstalt für Schwerhörige und Ertaubte" (Teaching and Educational Institution for the Hearing Impaired and Deaf) on Fuchsturmweg in Wenigenjena.

July 29: The Bismarck Fountain, designed by Adolf von Hildebrand, is inauguratedon the market square to commemorate Bismarck's visit in 1892.

Carl Alexander Schietrumpf relocates his company, which was founded in Tabarz in 1893 and produces measuring instruments (folding rules, length measures), to Wenigenjena (location: Camsdorfer Ufer).

October 1: The Prussian State Railway takes over the Saalbahn and Weimar-Gera Railway, which had previously been privately run. The Reichsbahnausbesserungswerk emerges from a repair workshop that has existed since 1874 (700 to 1,000 employees during the First World War).

March: Eduard Rosenthal, who has been working in Jena since 1880 , is appointed full professor at the Faculty of Law. Following the biologist Nathaniel Pringsheim (1864-1868), a professor of the Jewish faith is once again appointed to a full professorship. As a scientist, state politician ("father" of the Thuringian constitution of 1920) and legal advisor (collaboration on the statute of the Carl Zeiß Foundation), Rosenthal is one of the outstanding personalities in Jena's university and city history. In 1892, the couple Clara and Eduard Rosenthal moved into a newly built villa in Kahlaische Straße (today a meeting and exhibition site at Mälzerstraße 11).

July 30: The Grand Duke of Weimar approves the statutes of the Carl Zeiss Foundation. It grants the employees of the Zeiss and Schott companies binding social rights.

September 28: An "Israelite Religious Community" is founded under the leadership of Jewish middle-class entrepreneurs and merchants.

November 1: The reading hall founded by the "Lesehallenverein e. V." opens at Löbdergraben 15. The Carl Zeiß Foundation generously supports the combination of reading hall and lending library financially.

December 17: "Moving (cinema) pictures" are shown for the first time in the "Deutsches Haus" on Holzmarkt.

The demolition of Weigel's House, one of Jena's "Seven Wonders", to create a road link between the Fürstengraben and the cross is completed.

The city takes over the Akademische Badeanstalt am Eisrechen, which has existed since 1842, and expands it into a central river bath on the Saale.

February 14: The first cremation takes place in the crematorium designedby Carl Timlerand built by the Verein für Feuerbestattung Jena e. V., founded in 1894 .